Presse et revues
6 pages
Titre : The New York herald tribune
Éditeur : [s.n.] (Paris)
Date d'édition : 1947-10-17
Notice du catalogue : http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32823406b
Type : texte texte
Type : publication en série imprimée publication en série imprimée
Langue : anglais
Description : 17 octobre 1947 17 octobre 1947
Description : 1947/10/17 (A60,N20129). 1947/10/17 (A60,N20129).
Droits : Consultable en ligne
Identifiant : ark:/12148/bd6t576872x
Source : Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Philosophie, histoire, sciences de l'homme, GR FOL-PB-1751 (BIS)
Conservation numérique : Bibliothèque nationale de France
Date de mise en ligne : 24/03/2021
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PARIS, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 17, 1947
Byrnes Recounts Big Three’s Talks
On Polatul Boundaries and Regime
!16-X-
THE NEW YORK HERALD
(ESTABLISHED IN EUROPE 1887)
Slalin Showed Emotion as
HeDiscussed Curzon Line
W ithRoosevelt,Churchill
This is the third article in a
serialization of James F. Byr
nes’s “Speaking Frankly”—six of
fifteen chapters of the book pub
lished by Harper <£• Brothers.
Copyright, 1947, by James F.
Byrnes Foundation (A Chari
table Trust),
By James F. Byrnes
Former Secretary of State
Closely related to the repara
tions issue was the problem of
fixing Poland’s boundaries. Presi
dent Roosevelt said, at the out
set of the discussion, that the
United States felt that Poland’s
eastern boundary should gen
erally follow the so-called Cur
zon Line. He still held, he said,
the view he had expressed at
Tehran that it would be desir
able to adjust the southern end
of the line so that the city of
Lwow and at least a portion of
the oil fields should oe inside
Polish territory.
Prime Minister Churchill point
ed out he had supported the Cur
zon Line in Parliament, including
the Soviet Union’s retention of
Lwow. The claim of the Soviet
Union to this area, he said, “is
one not founded on force but
upon right.” But if the Soviet
Union made a “magnanimous
gesture to a much weaker power”
such as that suggested by the
President, Mr. Churchill said,
Britain “(would admire and ac
claim the Soviet position.”
Marshal Stalin replied with an
impassioned statement.
Stalin Showed Emotion
“The Curzon Line is the line of
Curzon and Clemenceau and of
those Americans who took part
in 1918 and 1919 in the confer
ence which then took place,”
Stalin declared. “The Russians
were not invited and did not take
part. . . Lenin was not In agree
ment with the Curzon Line . . .
Now some people want that we
should be less Russian than Cur
zon was and Clemenceau was.
spokesman
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‘Times’ Brands
Byrnes’s Book
‘War Recipe’
3 London Morning Papers
Assail Ex-Secretary and
Book ‘Speaking Frankly’
By Jack Tait
From the Herald Tribune Bureau
LONDON, Oct. 16.—Three of
Britain’s leading morning news
papers came out today with bitter
editorial attacks on former Secre
tary of States James F. Byrnes and
his book, “Speaking Frankly.”
With unusual asperity, “The
Times” said Mr. Byrnes’s “latest
contribution to policy seems little
better than a simple recipe for
war.” “The (News Chronicle” said
Mr. Byrnes “has talked deplorable
and dangerous nonsense.” The
mass circulation “Daily Mirror”
said: “Mr. Byrnes had better keep
his mouth shut, or do something
more useful with it.”
Mr. Byrnes’s proposal that, should
other measures fail, the Soviet
Army should be driven from east
ern Germany if necessary, is viewed
in London, unofficially at least, as
intensifying the differences between
East and West and as making
more unlikely a satisfactory out
come to the London Foreign Min
isters’ talks next month.
Not to Be Taken Seriously
Today’s editorial in “The Times,”
which takes up the possibility of
a two-world system operating with
out war, said: “Mr. Byrnes has
written in a mood of exasperation,
but his latest contribution to policy
seems little better than a simple
recipe for war... Mr. Byrnes has
laid down his high office and
speaks from a position of greater
freedom and less responsibility,
and it would be wrong to take his
suggestion too seriously.
“Several Important passages in
Mr .Byrnes’s book in effect extend
the ‘get tough with Russia’ policy
to iwhat would be catastrophic
lengths if, which is unlikely, they
had determined popular backing.
They reject the patient accommoda
tion of political diplomacy- for re
sort to military force, and neither
Mr. Marshall, whose speech yes
terday was all the more effective
for its restraint, nor Mr. Bevin
will have much reason to be grate
ful for this preliminary gloss upon
the talks they will have with Mr.
Molotov next month at what is
likely to prove the most moment
ous of all their meetings with him.
“It remains to be seen whether
the United Nations has reached
(Continued on Page 2, Col. 6)
Marshal Josef Stalin and Premier Winston Churchill at Yalta
You would drive us into shame.
What will be said by the White
Russians and the Ukrainians?
They will say that Stalin and
Molotov are far less reliable de
fenders of Russia than are Cur
zon and Clemenceau. I could not
take such a position and return
to Moscow iwith an open face.”
At this point, Stalin stood at
the conference table as he spoke.
It was the only time during the
entire conference that he exhibit
ed his strong feelings in such a
manner.
“I prefer the war should con
tinue a little longer, although it
costs us blood, and to give Po
land compensation in the west, at
the expense of the Germans,”
he continued. “I will maintain
and I will ask all friends to sup
port me in this ... I am in favor
(Continued on Page 2. Col. 2)
Alphand Sees Catastrophe
In Europe If AidDoesn’tCome
French Delegate to Marshall Plan Talks Galls ’48
Crucial Year for Needy Nations; Franks Says
Exchange Is Damaging British Activity
By the United Press
WASHINGTON, Oct. 16.—Herve
Alphand, ^French delegate to the
Marshall plan conference, at a
press meeting called today by Sir
Oliver Franks and himself, said:
“The urgency of the situation in
Europe since the drafting of the
Marshall plan at Paris is becoming
really catastrophic, especially for
France and Italy, which have now
exhausted almost all their gold and
foreign exchange.
“The year 1948,” he added, “will
be a crucial year for all European
nations. If help is not- given in
1948, the deterioration we see now
will become bigger and bigger, and,
consequently, it will be much more
difficult to apply the main parts
of the Marshall plan.”
Sir Oliver said, so far, all inform
ation asked for by the United
States experts with regard to the
Marshall plan should be provided
by November 1. He said if major
alterations are proposed, all gov
ernments concerned might have to
be consulted. At this stage, he
could not say if the plan should
be sent back to a further European
conference.
General Shoots Burglar
In Frankfurt Residence
FRANKFURT, Oct. 16 (A.P.).—
Major General Carter B. Magruder,
of Arlington, Va., and his wife were
injured early today when they were
attacked in their Frankfurt home
by a former Polish guard, the
Army announced.
The Pole, identified as Joseph
Bak, was shot and seriously wound
ed in the stomach by the general
after a chase through the house
from the bedroom where the in
truder struck General Magruder
and his wife as they were rising
from rheir beds.
The Army said the Pole entered
the general’s home through the
bedroom window with the presumed
intention of burglarizing the house,
which is within the Army’s barbed-
wire residential enclosure.
General * Magruder, director of
Army Services and Supply in
Europe, suffered lacerations and
bruises. His wife was bitten on
the left arm and received nose in
juries. The injuries were described
as “not serious.”
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Two U.S. Legislators in Greece
Survive Guerrilla Mortar Fire
By the Associated Press
ATHENS, Oct. 16. — Two
American Congressmen who came
under guerrilla mortar fire near the
juncture of the Bulgarian-Yugo-
slav-Greek frontiers three days ago
returned unexpectedly to Athens
tonight from Thrace after being
stranded for nearly two days be
cause of blown-up bridges behind
them.
Representatives Olin Teague,
democrat, of Texas, and Donald
Jackson, Republican, of California,
noth with experience in the World
War, said on their return: “The
situation is going from bad to
worse. From our observations
auer seven days in fifty villages,
talking with hundreds of persons
including surrendered guerrillas,
the democratic forces for the libera
tion of Greece are murderous bri
gands of gangster elements coupled
with the illiterate and ignorant of
Gr66C6. ,>
Referring to the shooting In
cident, Mr. Teague said: “They
bracketed us with two shots fjum
fifty to seventy-five yards at first,
then missed with four or five suc
ceeding shots from two thousand
ya stranded near the Turkish
border two days later when rail
bridges behind them were dynamit
ed the Congressmen came out
yesterday with an armed convoy.
Sir Oliver said: “Britain must
further cut her imports, due to the
foreign exchange situation, and
therefore might be moving toward
a declining level of industrial activ
ity instead of an increasing one.”
M. Alphand continued. “It is
the first time in my life that I am
speaking as a European and not
as a Frenchman, and thanks to the
Marshall plan we are working as
Europeans. We never felt we have
been dictated to by the United
States in the formulation of the
plan but readily agreed to make
alterations on the advice of Will
L, Clayton, Jefferson Caffery and
other Americans.”
Sir Oliver said Switzerland, at
the Paris conference, was not asked
to facilitate credits.
The only pointer as to hpw long
the conference here might last was
an introductory remark by Sir
Oliver that “we shall no doubt be
discussing our work in the next
week or two with the Administra
tion here.”
New Policy
Is Hinted
By Bidault
German Stand Depends
On Outcome of Big-4
Conference in London
France May Join
In Bi-Zone Fusion
Change Is Anticipated
If Meeting Is Failure
By William J. Humphreys
French Foreign Minister Georges
Bidault hinted yesterday that
France might revise her policy to
ward Germany if the Big Four
Conference in London next month
fails to reach agreement.
He gave the impression that
there would be closer co-operation
with the United States and Brit
ain. He suggested, for example,
that France might merge her oc
cupation territory with the Anglo-
American bi-Zorie if the Foreign
Ministers’ meeting is deadlocked on
German economic unity.
France has reportedly turned
down overtures from the United
States and Britain for the fusion
of her zone. This has been in
dicated in repeated statements by
M. Bidault that there could be no
merger without participation of the
Soviet Russian Zone to make it
complete.
Hope for Understanding
But M. Bidault went a step
further yesterday afternoon at a
press conference. When asked if
France was contemplating a zonal
merger, he replied as usual that his
government was hoping for a Big-
Four understanding at London.
Then he added the warning note:
“If we do not succeed, we shall
have to re-examine the whole
question.”
Two principal pillars of the
French stand against Germany
have been demands for internation
alization of the Ruhr and for oc
cupation of the Rhineland. The
United States and Britain both are
said to be unalterably opposed
the French projects.
M. Bidault did not refer to the
French claims specifically, but he
indicated a second time that a
complete change in the French
position on Germany might be ne
cessary if the London conference—
which he calls Europe’s “last
chance”—fails.
Second Reference
The second reference came when
he was asked if he foresaw a switch
in the French policy when he spoke
recently at Strasbourg on the ne
cessity of compromise among the
Big Four.-
The Foreign Minister responded:
“I said only that in the present
state of things France maintains
integrally her positions in regard
to Germany, these positions having
been taken in a certain state of
the world. It will be up to the
conference which will meet at the
end of November to say if this state
of affairs continues to exist.”
In other remarks during the
press conference, M. Bidault was
critical of policies of countries in
the Soviet sphere. He did not men
tion Yugoslavia or Bulgaria by
name, but he clearly meant the
former when he referred to the “in
tolerable” state of affairs in Trieste.
The French minister then said
that there had been incidents
“harmful to the Italian residents”
of the Free State which he~ was
instrumental in creating at the
Paris Peace Conference last year
(Continued on Page 3. Col. 1)
Two Metro Unions Vote
To Return to Their Jobs,
25,000 of CGT Still Idle
Liner America Cancels Call
At Strike-Bound Cherbourg
500 Passengers to Be Taken by Train From
Paris to Southampton for Embarkation;
U.S. Embassy Had Intervened
United States Lines in Paris an
nounced last night that the liner
America would sail directly from
Southampton today on its west
bound trip, instead of stopping at
the port of Cherbourg, currently
tied up by the French merchant
marine strike.
Arrangements have been made to
transport about. 500 passengers from
Paris to Southampton^ today. Ori
ginally scheduled to embark at
Cherbourg, they will leave Paris
for Calais by special train from the
Gare du Nord at 11:10 a.m. A
Channel boat will take them to
Dover, and another special train
will deposit’ them at Southampton
in time to sail.
The steamship line said no tran
sit visa for England was required
for the new embarkation plans,
hastily organized with the co-oper
ation of the French and British
railways.
The America docked at Cher
bourg Wednesday, disembarking
passengers bound for Paris and
other points on the Continent, and
was scheduled to pick up passen
gers for New York on its usual
swing back from Southampton to
day.
The French news agency re
ported that American Embassy of
ficials talked with strike leaders at
Cherbourg yesterday morning in an
attempt to obtain their co-opera
tion for the America’s scheduled
stop-over. The negotiations ended
inconclusively, and the United
States Lines decided to embark di
rectly from Southampton.
This is the second time in three
months that strikes have threat
ened to strand the America’s west
bound passengers in Paris. The
August 29 crossing was first can
celed, then postponed because of
the maritime strike in New York.
Some 1,000 passengers in Europe
sailed a week later than sched
uled. *
682 Factories
Set for Reich
Reparations
Americans and
Announce List
German Strike
British
Despite
Threats
Behind‘theIronCurtain
Series in Booklet Form
Summary Shows Communists Striving for Full
Control Everywhere, But Meeting Opposition
By Independent Parties and Coalitions
By Walter Kerr, Ned Russell, Russell Hill and William Attwood
Before examining American
policy in eastern Europe, it may
be useful to summarize the find
ings of the two Herald Tribune
teams, as detailed in , the preced
ing articles of this series.
Everywhere we found that the
Communist parties were striving
for complete effective control. In
none of the eight countries do
they enjoy the backing of the
majority of the population. Never
theless. they have achieved con
trol in Yugoslavia, which closely
resembles a Soviet state, and in
Bulgaria and Romania, where
the opposition is effectively silenc
ed. In Poland and Hungary,
Communist-dominated coalitions
are in power, but the non-Com-
munist parties in these coalitions
still act as a brake on Commun
ist ambitions.
In Czechoslovakia, the Com
munists have so far deemed it
prudent or necessary to keep
within the bounds of legality, but
they feel hampered by having
to co-operate with independent
parties. Prime Minister Gott-
wald told Hill and Attwood in a
written statement that an abso
lute Communist majority at the
next elections is “necessary in
the interests of the Czechoslovak
people and state, and is likely
and possible.”
In Finland, the Communists
have no effective - voice in do
mestic policy—but they control
the political police. Only in Aus
tria, where they must operate
under four-power, occupation,
have they failed to make any
real headway.
In foreign policy, the govern
ments of all countries except
Austria serve Soviet interests.
This was bluntly demonstrated
* The European Edition of
the New York Herald Tribune
has been flooded with re
quests for reprints of the
“Behind ‘the Iron Curtain’ ”
series. Reprints of this
series in attractive booklets,
in the English, French and
German languages are now
in course of preparation, and
will be available in the near
future. Individuals and or
ganizations desiring copies
in large quantities can ob
tain full details as to price
and delivery from the Cir
culation Manager, 21 Rue de
Berri, Paris. 8e.
when they were forced to reject
the Marshall plan, even though
leading Communist members of
the governments of Czechoslova
kia, Poland and Hungary believ
ed the best interests of their own
countries would be served by the
plan.
Communist successes were
found to be due mainly to the
direct intervention of the Soviet
Army; to the indirect pressure
exerted by the geographical prox
imity of' the Soviet Union; to
the ability, energy and fanaticism
of Communist leaders; to uncer
tainty and division in the ranks
of the non-Communist parties;
to the political exploitation by
the Communists of reforms also
advocated by other parties, and
to* the fact that in every coun
try but Austria, the Communists
(Continued on Page 5, Col. 3)
By Marguerite Higgins
From the Herald Tribune Bureau
BERLIN. Oct. 16.—Despite Ger
man threats of strikes and demon
strations, American and British
Military Governments went ahead
today to announce a list of 682
plants that are to be dismantled
and shipped out of the two western
zones as reparations.
The list, which implements the
new'level of industry plan for Bi
zonia, represents a reduction of
more than half over the original
reparations plan which called for
dismantling of more than 1,600
plants in the two western zones.
The new industry plan for Bi-
zonia provides for an industrial
capacity equal to that of 1936
which was neither a boom nor a
depression year but a period of
comfortable prosperity.
The total value of the 682 plants
announced today was recently es
timated by General. Lucius D. Clay,
American Military Governor, to be
under a billion dollars.
Actually today’s reparations list
Includes only 380 industrial plants,
the remainder being strictly war
plants. Much of the general pur
pose equipment has already been
shipped out of war plants and dis
mantling of some of the most im
portant industrial plants has also
been completed.
Less Dislocation
For these reasons it seems clear
that there will be far less disloca
tion of German economy than has
been predicted in the last months
by many alarmist newspapers and
politicians in Germany whose ru
mors as to the extent and value of
the reparations list have been
proved highly exaggerated.
Both Lieutenant General Sir
Brian Robertson, British Military
Governor, and Major General
George P. Hays, American Deputy
Military Governor, expressed con
fidence today that the threat of
strikes on the part of trade unions
and politicians would not be car
ried out. If trouble developed, how
ever, most officials said that the
necessary measures would be taken
to enforce the dismantlings as both
governments are determined that
reparations be delivered as quickly
as possible.
As of this evening no demon
strations of any kind had been
reported anywhere in Germany as
a result of the publication of the
list though newspaper editors were
full of complaints about it.
Publication of today’s list paves
the way for making new repara
tions allocations to the Soviet
Union, according to Lawrence Wil-
(Continued on Page 3, Col. 2)
Captain Says
DeGrasseWill
Sail in Strike
Asserts Departure at N.Y.
Won’t BeDelayedBecause
Crew Signed for the Trip
From the Herald Tribune Bureau
NEW YORK, Oct. 16.—Captain
Jean Le Manchec, master of the
French liner De Grasse, which ar
rived here this morning from Havre
and Southampton, said the French
merchant marine strike would not
delay the departure of his ship,
Tuesday, on her return voyage be
cause the crew was signed for the
round trip.
He said he had not been official
ly advised of the walk-out to en
force French sailors’ wage demands
and regarded it as “ a little thing,
and it will last maybe only one
day or maybe two days.” He added
that if the strike is still m effect
when the De Grasse arrives at
Havre, his crewmen would probably
join the strike although many are
not members of the French mari
time union.
The liner docked three hours late
today because New York Harbor
was shrouded in fog. Captain De
Manchec said the vessel ran into
the fog bank at 3 a.m. today while
approaching the harbor and that
he did not see another ship until
the De Grasse anchored in the
Lower Bay at 9:30 a.m. The skip;
per said he and his officer had to
“use our ears” to guide the liner
past scores of unseen anchored
ships because the radar was inef
fective. The De Grasse brought in
720 passengers, including Anne Mor
row Lindbergh, Dr. Juan Negrin and
Maurice Chevalier.
Queen Elizabeth Fog-bound
The Queen Elizabeth was “lost”
for several hours today in the har
bor fog. Originally scheduled to
dock at 8 a.m., the ship settled
down two hours earlier, three miles
off Ambrose Light. At 7 a.m. a pilot
boat was sent to guide the huge
ship into port but returned and
reported to quarantine she had been
unable to find her. When the fog
lifted several hours later, the tide
had changed, forcing the Cunard
White Star Liner to delay her dock
ing until 6:30 p.m.
Twenty other vessels lay outside
the harbor blasting their horns
into the fog, described by harbor
police as the thickest in many
years.
One Subway Line May
Be in Operation Today
In the Return of 5,000
Two Autobus Lines
Back in Service
CGT Refuses Proposal
For Membership Vote
By
Cholera Toll 175
CAIRO. Oct. 16 (U.P.). — The
cholera death toll, now climbing
steadily, reached 175 tonight for
the preceding* twenty-four hours, as
outbreaks were reported from
several hitherto untainted areas.
A Ministry of Public Health com
munique, disclosing the toll, report
ed that 520 persons had been hos
pitalized in the same period.
York Primate Joins in Attack
On Birmingham Bishop’s Bool
From the Herald Tribune Bureau
LONDON. Oct. 16.—The Arch
bishop of York, Dr. Cyril Garbett,
Joined today with the Archbishop
of Canterbury in rebuking the
Bishop of Birmingham, Dr. Ernest
W. Barnes, for his recent book “The
Rise of Christianity.”
Dr. Garbett criticized the book,
which presents views inconsistent
with the Church of England on
such Christian issues as the Virgin
birth, the Resurrection, Christ’s
miracles and infant baptism, and
indirectly advised Dr. Barnes to
resign his bishopric. The Arch
bishop of Canterbury, Dr. Geoffrey
F. Fisher, took a similar position
yesterday, but Dr. Barnes said at
the time, "there is no question of
my resigning.”
A
Dr. Garbett, in his presidential
address to the full Synod of Convo
cation of York in York today, said:
“The book in itself is of little im
portance. Its only importance is
that it was written by a bishop
who is in charge of a diocese; but
for this it is doubtful if the book
would have been treated very
seriously.
“There is no question of prosecu
tion or of taking any proceedings
against the bishop. I would only
add that, If I held such views, my
conscience would not allow me to
continue to hold office as a bishop
of the Church of England.
“It is right that the two arch
bishops should publicly and un
compromisingly dissociate them-
(Continued on Page 3, Col. 4)
William Attwood
The first break in this city’s
crippling, three-day transportation
strike came yesterday when nearly
5,000 subway and bus employees
belonging to two independent, non-
Communist unions voted by a 12-
to-1 majority to return to work.
One of their leaders, Rene Cle
ment, explained the vote on the
grounds that the strike was be
ginning to look too much like a
Communist political maneuver.
The return to work of the inde
pendent employees (will not greatly
ease the capital’s transportation
problems, for the CGT controls
most of the power and mainte
nance personnel. But the govern
ment hopes to have at least one
subway line in operation by today
with a skeleton staff, and already
two bus lines resumed service yes
terday afternoon.
Some 25,000 members of the
Communist-led General Federation
of Labor (CGT) are still idle. A
suggestion by the independents to
hold a general strike vote of all
transportation workers was turned
down yesterday afternoon by CGT
leaders.
These leaders, who first denounc
ed the strike as wildcat and then
championed it, are now apparently
determined to make Socialist Pre
mier Paul Ramadier look like a
strike-breaker before this Sunday’s
nation-wide municipal elections.
Hint General Strike
'nie Communist press plugged
this theme all day in frontpage
articles larded with hints of a gen
eral strike on Monday if the elec
tions go against them. By discre
diting the Socialist government’s
efforts to provide emergency trans
portation for Parisians, the Com
munists are clearly seeking to
tighten their hold on the nation’s
underpaid trade union members.
M. Ramadier is still resolved to
negotiate with the strikers only
after they agree to return to their
jobs. As soon as the two indepen
dent unions voted to end their
strike yesterday morning, their
leaders were summoned by Pierre
Moatti, the Premier’s Cabinet chief,
for consultation. They left the
meeting expressing satisfaction with
the government’s initial proposals,
and the talks will go on today.
M. Ramadier scored some other
successes on the labor front during
the nast twenty-four hours.
He forestalled a threatened strike
of gas and electricity workers by
agreeing to their demands for an
immediate 11 per cent wage in
crease approved in July. -
Marine Settlement Due
He persuaded railway workers to
discuss their grievances directly
with the National Railway organ
ization.
He entered into immediate nego
tiations with maritime union offi
cials who called a strike early yes
terday morning which paralyzed
activities in all French ports. Some
kind of settlement is expected mo
mentarily.
Parisian taxi drivers staged a
twenty-four-hour strike yesterday
in protest at the cut in their gaso
line ration, but their action did not
greatly aggravate the city’s trans
portation crisis. Trucks and buses
requisitioned for the emergency
were taking care of most passen
gers.
Wednesday night strikers scat
tered nails along some of their
designated routes, but failed to dis
rupt the operation of what CGT
leaders call strike-breaking meas
ures.
Whether the present walkout of
transportation workers will develop
into a general strike depends large
ly on the decision of the General
Committee of Parisian Trade
Unions which has called a special
meeting next Monday “to examine
the situation caused by the material
plight of the city’s wage-earners.”
In the opinion of most observers,
(Continued on Page 2, Col. 6)
• — •
Eisenhower Deplores
Clubs That Boom Him
WASHINGTON, Oct. 16 (U.P.).
—General Dwight Eisenhower de
plored today the formation of Eisen
hower for President clubs and an
nounced he neither seeks nor de
sires political office.
He made his views known through
the Army’s chief of public infor
mation, General Floyd Parks, who
summoned reporters to a surprise
press conference and said: “General
Eisenhower’s attitude respecting
political gossip is exactly that as
expressed to press representatives
on September 10. He neither seeks
nor desires political office and any
one who purports to represent him
difterently is mistaken. He de
precates the formation of clubs or
other organizations that seek to
place his name before the public in
connection with a political purpose
and urges individuals not to spend
time or money on their support. In
no case has he had prior knowledge
of such purpose nor has his con
sent or approval ever been request
ed. Such consent would have been
emphatically withheld.”
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need today that the
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PARIS, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 17, 1947
Byrnes Recounts Big Three’s Talks
On Polatul Boundaries and Regime
!16-X-
THE NEW YORK HERALD
(ESTABLISHED IN EUROPE 1887)
Slalin Showed Emotion as
HeDiscussed Curzon Line
W ithRoosevelt,Churchill
This is the third article in a
serialization of James F. Byr
nes’s “Speaking Frankly”—six of
fifteen chapters of the book pub
lished by Harper <£• Brothers.
Copyright, 1947, by James F.
Byrnes Foundation (A Chari
table Trust),
By James F. Byrnes
Former Secretary of State
Closely related to the repara
tions issue was the problem of
fixing Poland’s boundaries. Presi
dent Roosevelt said, at the out
set of the discussion, that the
United States felt that Poland’s
eastern boundary should gen
erally follow the so-called Cur
zon Line. He still held, he said,
the view he had expressed at
Tehran that it would be desir
able to adjust the southern end
of the line so that the city of
Lwow and at least a portion of
the oil fields should oe inside
Polish territory.
Prime Minister Churchill point
ed out he had supported the Cur
zon Line in Parliament, including
the Soviet Union’s retention of
Lwow. The claim of the Soviet
Union to this area, he said, “is
one not founded on force but
upon right.” But if the Soviet
Union made a “magnanimous
gesture to a much weaker power”
such as that suggested by the
President, Mr. Churchill said,
Britain “(would admire and ac
claim the Soviet position.”
Marshal Stalin replied with an
impassioned statement.
Stalin Showed Emotion
“The Curzon Line is the line of
Curzon and Clemenceau and of
those Americans who took part
in 1918 and 1919 in the confer
ence which then took place,”
Stalin declared. “The Russians
were not invited and did not take
part. . . Lenin was not In agree
ment with the Curzon Line . . .
Now some people want that we
should be less Russian than Cur
zon was and Clemenceau was.
spokesman
'- Sfio, “ would
they
mey
commercial
t Rel) 9l Clashes
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‘Times’ Brands
Byrnes’s Book
‘War Recipe’
3 London Morning Papers
Assail Ex-Secretary and
Book ‘Speaking Frankly’
By Jack Tait
From the Herald Tribune Bureau
LONDON, Oct. 16.—Three of
Britain’s leading morning news
papers came out today with bitter
editorial attacks on former Secre
tary of States James F. Byrnes and
his book, “Speaking Frankly.”
With unusual asperity, “The
Times” said Mr. Byrnes’s “latest
contribution to policy seems little
better than a simple recipe for
war.” “The (News Chronicle” said
Mr. Byrnes “has talked deplorable
and dangerous nonsense.” The
mass circulation “Daily Mirror”
said: “Mr. Byrnes had better keep
his mouth shut, or do something
more useful with it.”
Mr. Byrnes’s proposal that, should
other measures fail, the Soviet
Army should be driven from east
ern Germany if necessary, is viewed
in London, unofficially at least, as
intensifying the differences between
East and West and as making
more unlikely a satisfactory out
come to the London Foreign Min
isters’ talks next month.
Not to Be Taken Seriously
Today’s editorial in “The Times,”
which takes up the possibility of
a two-world system operating with
out war, said: “Mr. Byrnes has
written in a mood of exasperation,
but his latest contribution to policy
seems little better than a simple
recipe for war... Mr. Byrnes has
laid down his high office and
speaks from a position of greater
freedom and less responsibility,
and it would be wrong to take his
suggestion too seriously.
“Several Important passages in
Mr .Byrnes’s book in effect extend
the ‘get tough with Russia’ policy
to iwhat would be catastrophic
lengths if, which is unlikely, they
had determined popular backing.
They reject the patient accommoda
tion of political diplomacy- for re
sort to military force, and neither
Mr. Marshall, whose speech yes
terday was all the more effective
for its restraint, nor Mr. Bevin
will have much reason to be grate
ful for this preliminary gloss upon
the talks they will have with Mr.
Molotov next month at what is
likely to prove the most moment
ous of all their meetings with him.
“It remains to be seen whether
the United Nations has reached
(Continued on Page 2, Col. 6)
Marshal Josef Stalin and Premier Winston Churchill at Yalta
You would drive us into shame.
What will be said by the White
Russians and the Ukrainians?
They will say that Stalin and
Molotov are far less reliable de
fenders of Russia than are Cur
zon and Clemenceau. I could not
take such a position and return
to Moscow iwith an open face.”
At this point, Stalin stood at
the conference table as he spoke.
It was the only time during the
entire conference that he exhibit
ed his strong feelings in such a
manner.
“I prefer the war should con
tinue a little longer, although it
costs us blood, and to give Po
land compensation in the west, at
the expense of the Germans,”
he continued. “I will maintain
and I will ask all friends to sup
port me in this ... I am in favor
(Continued on Page 2. Col. 2)
Alphand Sees Catastrophe
In Europe If AidDoesn’tCome
French Delegate to Marshall Plan Talks Galls ’48
Crucial Year for Needy Nations; Franks Says
Exchange Is Damaging British Activity
By the United Press
WASHINGTON, Oct. 16.—Herve
Alphand, ^French delegate to the
Marshall plan conference, at a
press meeting called today by Sir
Oliver Franks and himself, said:
“The urgency of the situation in
Europe since the drafting of the
Marshall plan at Paris is becoming
really catastrophic, especially for
France and Italy, which have now
exhausted almost all their gold and
foreign exchange.
“The year 1948,” he added, “will
be a crucial year for all European
nations. If help is not- given in
1948, the deterioration we see now
will become bigger and bigger, and,
consequently, it will be much more
difficult to apply the main parts
of the Marshall plan.”
Sir Oliver said, so far, all inform
ation asked for by the United
States experts with regard to the
Marshall plan should be provided
by November 1. He said if major
alterations are proposed, all gov
ernments concerned might have to
be consulted. At this stage, he
could not say if the plan should
be sent back to a further European
conference.
General Shoots Burglar
In Frankfurt Residence
FRANKFURT, Oct. 16 (A.P.).—
Major General Carter B. Magruder,
of Arlington, Va., and his wife were
injured early today when they were
attacked in their Frankfurt home
by a former Polish guard, the
Army announced.
The Pole, identified as Joseph
Bak, was shot and seriously wound
ed in the stomach by the general
after a chase through the house
from the bedroom where the in
truder struck General Magruder
and his wife as they were rising
from rheir beds.
The Army said the Pole entered
the general’s home through the
bedroom window with the presumed
intention of burglarizing the house,
which is within the Army’s barbed-
wire residential enclosure.
General * Magruder, director of
Army Services and Supply in
Europe, suffered lacerations and
bruises. His wife was bitten on
the left arm and received nose in
juries. The injuries were described
as “not serious.”
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Two U.S. Legislators in Greece
Survive Guerrilla Mortar Fire
By the Associated Press
ATHENS, Oct. 16. — Two
American Congressmen who came
under guerrilla mortar fire near the
juncture of the Bulgarian-Yugo-
slav-Greek frontiers three days ago
returned unexpectedly to Athens
tonight from Thrace after being
stranded for nearly two days be
cause of blown-up bridges behind
them.
Representatives Olin Teague,
democrat, of Texas, and Donald
Jackson, Republican, of California,
noth with experience in the World
War, said on their return: “The
situation is going from bad to
worse. From our observations
auer seven days in fifty villages,
talking with hundreds of persons
including surrendered guerrillas,
the democratic forces for the libera
tion of Greece are murderous bri
gands of gangster elements coupled
with the illiterate and ignorant of
Gr66C6. ,>
Referring to the shooting In
cident, Mr. Teague said: “They
bracketed us with two shots fjum
fifty to seventy-five yards at first,
then missed with four or five suc
ceeding shots from two thousand
ya stranded near the Turkish
border two days later when rail
bridges behind them were dynamit
ed the Congressmen came out
yesterday with an armed convoy.
Sir Oliver said: “Britain must
further cut her imports, due to the
foreign exchange situation, and
therefore might be moving toward
a declining level of industrial activ
ity instead of an increasing one.”
M. Alphand continued. “It is
the first time in my life that I am
speaking as a European and not
as a Frenchman, and thanks to the
Marshall plan we are working as
Europeans. We never felt we have
been dictated to by the United
States in the formulation of the
plan but readily agreed to make
alterations on the advice of Will
L, Clayton, Jefferson Caffery and
other Americans.”
Sir Oliver said Switzerland, at
the Paris conference, was not asked
to facilitate credits.
The only pointer as to hpw long
the conference here might last was
an introductory remark by Sir
Oliver that “we shall no doubt be
discussing our work in the next
week or two with the Administra
tion here.”
New Policy
Is Hinted
By Bidault
German Stand Depends
On Outcome of Big-4
Conference in London
France May Join
In Bi-Zone Fusion
Change Is Anticipated
If Meeting Is Failure
By William J. Humphreys
French Foreign Minister Georges
Bidault hinted yesterday that
France might revise her policy to
ward Germany if the Big Four
Conference in London next month
fails to reach agreement.
He gave the impression that
there would be closer co-operation
with the United States and Brit
ain. He suggested, for example,
that France might merge her oc
cupation territory with the Anglo-
American bi-Zorie if the Foreign
Ministers’ meeting is deadlocked on
German economic unity.
France has reportedly turned
down overtures from the United
States and Britain for the fusion
of her zone. This has been in
dicated in repeated statements by
M. Bidault that there could be no
merger without participation of the
Soviet Russian Zone to make it
complete.
Hope for Understanding
But M. Bidault went a step
further yesterday afternoon at a
press conference. When asked if
France was contemplating a zonal
merger, he replied as usual that his
government was hoping for a Big-
Four understanding at London.
Then he added the warning note:
“If we do not succeed, we shall
have to re-examine the whole
question.”
Two principal pillars of the
French stand against Germany
have been demands for internation
alization of the Ruhr and for oc
cupation of the Rhineland. The
United States and Britain both are
said to be unalterably opposed
the French projects.
M. Bidault did not refer to the
French claims specifically, but he
indicated a second time that a
complete change in the French
position on Germany might be ne
cessary if the London conference—
which he calls Europe’s “last
chance”—fails.
Second Reference
The second reference came when
he was asked if he foresaw a switch
in the French policy when he spoke
recently at Strasbourg on the ne
cessity of compromise among the
Big Four.-
The Foreign Minister responded:
“I said only that in the present
state of things France maintains
integrally her positions in regard
to Germany, these positions having
been taken in a certain state of
the world. It will be up to the
conference which will meet at the
end of November to say if this state
of affairs continues to exist.”
In other remarks during the
press conference, M. Bidault was
critical of policies of countries in
the Soviet sphere. He did not men
tion Yugoslavia or Bulgaria by
name, but he clearly meant the
former when he referred to the “in
tolerable” state of affairs in Trieste.
The French minister then said
that there had been incidents
“harmful to the Italian residents”
of the Free State which he~ was
instrumental in creating at the
Paris Peace Conference last year
(Continued on Page 3. Col. 1)
Two Metro Unions Vote
To Return to Their Jobs,
25,000 of CGT Still Idle
Liner America Cancels Call
At Strike-Bound Cherbourg
500 Passengers to Be Taken by Train From
Paris to Southampton for Embarkation;
U.S. Embassy Had Intervened
United States Lines in Paris an
nounced last night that the liner
America would sail directly from
Southampton today on its west
bound trip, instead of stopping at
the port of Cherbourg, currently
tied up by the French merchant
marine strike.
Arrangements have been made to
transport about. 500 passengers from
Paris to Southampton^ today. Ori
ginally scheduled to embark at
Cherbourg, they will leave Paris
for Calais by special train from the
Gare du Nord at 11:10 a.m. A
Channel boat will take them to
Dover, and another special train
will deposit’ them at Southampton
in time to sail.
The steamship line said no tran
sit visa for England was required
for the new embarkation plans,
hastily organized with the co-oper
ation of the French and British
railways.
The America docked at Cher
bourg Wednesday, disembarking
passengers bound for Paris and
other points on the Continent, and
was scheduled to pick up passen
gers for New York on its usual
swing back from Southampton to
day.
The French news agency re
ported that American Embassy of
ficials talked with strike leaders at
Cherbourg yesterday morning in an
attempt to obtain their co-opera
tion for the America’s scheduled
stop-over. The negotiations ended
inconclusively, and the United
States Lines decided to embark di
rectly from Southampton.
This is the second time in three
months that strikes have threat
ened to strand the America’s west
bound passengers in Paris. The
August 29 crossing was first can
celed, then postponed because of
the maritime strike in New York.
Some 1,000 passengers in Europe
sailed a week later than sched
uled. *
682 Factories
Set for Reich
Reparations
Americans and
Announce List
German Strike
British
Despite
Threats
Behind‘theIronCurtain
Series in Booklet Form
Summary Shows Communists Striving for Full
Control Everywhere, But Meeting Opposition
By Independent Parties and Coalitions
By Walter Kerr, Ned Russell, Russell Hill and William Attwood
Before examining American
policy in eastern Europe, it may
be useful to summarize the find
ings of the two Herald Tribune
teams, as detailed in , the preced
ing articles of this series.
Everywhere we found that the
Communist parties were striving
for complete effective control. In
none of the eight countries do
they enjoy the backing of the
majority of the population. Never
theless. they have achieved con
trol in Yugoslavia, which closely
resembles a Soviet state, and in
Bulgaria and Romania, where
the opposition is effectively silenc
ed. In Poland and Hungary,
Communist-dominated coalitions
are in power, but the non-Com-
munist parties in these coalitions
still act as a brake on Commun
ist ambitions.
In Czechoslovakia, the Com
munists have so far deemed it
prudent or necessary to keep
within the bounds of legality, but
they feel hampered by having
to co-operate with independent
parties. Prime Minister Gott-
wald told Hill and Attwood in a
written statement that an abso
lute Communist majority at the
next elections is “necessary in
the interests of the Czechoslovak
people and state, and is likely
and possible.”
In Finland, the Communists
have no effective - voice in do
mestic policy—but they control
the political police. Only in Aus
tria, where they must operate
under four-power, occupation,
have they failed to make any
real headway.
In foreign policy, the govern
ments of all countries except
Austria serve Soviet interests.
This was bluntly demonstrated
* The European Edition of
the New York Herald Tribune
has been flooded with re
quests for reprints of the
“Behind ‘the Iron Curtain’ ”
series. Reprints of this
series in attractive booklets,
in the English, French and
German languages are now
in course of preparation, and
will be available in the near
future. Individuals and or
ganizations desiring copies
in large quantities can ob
tain full details as to price
and delivery from the Cir
culation Manager, 21 Rue de
Berri, Paris. 8e.
when they were forced to reject
the Marshall plan, even though
leading Communist members of
the governments of Czechoslova
kia, Poland and Hungary believ
ed the best interests of their own
countries would be served by the
plan.
Communist successes were
found to be due mainly to the
direct intervention of the Soviet
Army; to the indirect pressure
exerted by the geographical prox
imity of' the Soviet Union; to
the ability, energy and fanaticism
of Communist leaders; to uncer
tainty and division in the ranks
of the non-Communist parties;
to the political exploitation by
the Communists of reforms also
advocated by other parties, and
to* the fact that in every coun
try but Austria, the Communists
(Continued on Page 5, Col. 3)
By Marguerite Higgins
From the Herald Tribune Bureau
BERLIN. Oct. 16.—Despite Ger
man threats of strikes and demon
strations, American and British
Military Governments went ahead
today to announce a list of 682
plants that are to be dismantled
and shipped out of the two western
zones as reparations.
The list, which implements the
new'level of industry plan for Bi
zonia, represents a reduction of
more than half over the original
reparations plan which called for
dismantling of more than 1,600
plants in the two western zones.
The new industry plan for Bi-
zonia provides for an industrial
capacity equal to that of 1936
which was neither a boom nor a
depression year but a period of
comfortable prosperity.
The total value of the 682 plants
announced today was recently es
timated by General. Lucius D. Clay,
American Military Governor, to be
under a billion dollars.
Actually today’s reparations list
Includes only 380 industrial plants,
the remainder being strictly war
plants. Much of the general pur
pose equipment has already been
shipped out of war plants and dis
mantling of some of the most im
portant industrial plants has also
been completed.
Less Dislocation
For these reasons it seems clear
that there will be far less disloca
tion of German economy than has
been predicted in the last months
by many alarmist newspapers and
politicians in Germany whose ru
mors as to the extent and value of
the reparations list have been
proved highly exaggerated.
Both Lieutenant General Sir
Brian Robertson, British Military
Governor, and Major General
George P. Hays, American Deputy
Military Governor, expressed con
fidence today that the threat of
strikes on the part of trade unions
and politicians would not be car
ried out. If trouble developed, how
ever, most officials said that the
necessary measures would be taken
to enforce the dismantlings as both
governments are determined that
reparations be delivered as quickly
as possible.
As of this evening no demon
strations of any kind had been
reported anywhere in Germany as
a result of the publication of the
list though newspaper editors were
full of complaints about it.
Publication of today’s list paves
the way for making new repara
tions allocations to the Soviet
Union, according to Lawrence Wil-
(Continued on Page 3, Col. 2)
Captain Says
DeGrasseWill
Sail in Strike
Asserts Departure at N.Y.
Won’t BeDelayedBecause
Crew Signed for the Trip
From the Herald Tribune Bureau
NEW YORK, Oct. 16.—Captain
Jean Le Manchec, master of the
French liner De Grasse, which ar
rived here this morning from Havre
and Southampton, said the French
merchant marine strike would not
delay the departure of his ship,
Tuesday, on her return voyage be
cause the crew was signed for the
round trip.
He said he had not been official
ly advised of the walk-out to en
force French sailors’ wage demands
and regarded it as “ a little thing,
and it will last maybe only one
day or maybe two days.” He added
that if the strike is still m effect
when the De Grasse arrives at
Havre, his crewmen would probably
join the strike although many are
not members of the French mari
time union.
The liner docked three hours late
today because New York Harbor
was shrouded in fog. Captain De
Manchec said the vessel ran into
the fog bank at 3 a.m. today while
approaching the harbor and that
he did not see another ship until
the De Grasse anchored in the
Lower Bay at 9:30 a.m. The skip;
per said he and his officer had to
“use our ears” to guide the liner
past scores of unseen anchored
ships because the radar was inef
fective. The De Grasse brought in
720 passengers, including Anne Mor
row Lindbergh, Dr. Juan Negrin and
Maurice Chevalier.
Queen Elizabeth Fog-bound
The Queen Elizabeth was “lost”
for several hours today in the har
bor fog. Originally scheduled to
dock at 8 a.m., the ship settled
down two hours earlier, three miles
off Ambrose Light. At 7 a.m. a pilot
boat was sent to guide the huge
ship into port but returned and
reported to quarantine she had been
unable to find her. When the fog
lifted several hours later, the tide
had changed, forcing the Cunard
White Star Liner to delay her dock
ing until 6:30 p.m.
Twenty other vessels lay outside
the harbor blasting their horns
into the fog, described by harbor
police as the thickest in many
years.
One Subway Line May
Be in Operation Today
In the Return of 5,000
Two Autobus Lines
Back in Service
CGT Refuses Proposal
For Membership Vote
By
Cholera Toll 175
CAIRO. Oct. 16 (U.P.). — The
cholera death toll, now climbing
steadily, reached 175 tonight for
the preceding* twenty-four hours, as
outbreaks were reported from
several hitherto untainted areas.
A Ministry of Public Health com
munique, disclosing the toll, report
ed that 520 persons had been hos
pitalized in the same period.
York Primate Joins in Attack
On Birmingham Bishop’s Bool
From the Herald Tribune Bureau
LONDON. Oct. 16.—The Arch
bishop of York, Dr. Cyril Garbett,
Joined today with the Archbishop
of Canterbury in rebuking the
Bishop of Birmingham, Dr. Ernest
W. Barnes, for his recent book “The
Rise of Christianity.”
Dr. Garbett criticized the book,
which presents views inconsistent
with the Church of England on
such Christian issues as the Virgin
birth, the Resurrection, Christ’s
miracles and infant baptism, and
indirectly advised Dr. Barnes to
resign his bishopric. The Arch
bishop of Canterbury, Dr. Geoffrey
F. Fisher, took a similar position
yesterday, but Dr. Barnes said at
the time, "there is no question of
my resigning.”
A
Dr. Garbett, in his presidential
address to the full Synod of Convo
cation of York in York today, said:
“The book in itself is of little im
portance. Its only importance is
that it was written by a bishop
who is in charge of a diocese; but
for this it is doubtful if the book
would have been treated very
seriously.
“There is no question of prosecu
tion or of taking any proceedings
against the bishop. I would only
add that, If I held such views, my
conscience would not allow me to
continue to hold office as a bishop
of the Church of England.
“It is right that the two arch
bishops should publicly and un
compromisingly dissociate them-
(Continued on Page 3, Col. 4)
William Attwood
The first break in this city’s
crippling, three-day transportation
strike came yesterday when nearly
5,000 subway and bus employees
belonging to two independent, non-
Communist unions voted by a 12-
to-1 majority to return to work.
One of their leaders, Rene Cle
ment, explained the vote on the
grounds that the strike was be
ginning to look too much like a
Communist political maneuver.
The return to work of the inde
pendent employees (will not greatly
ease the capital’s transportation
problems, for the CGT controls
most of the power and mainte
nance personnel. But the govern
ment hopes to have at least one
subway line in operation by today
with a skeleton staff, and already
two bus lines resumed service yes
terday afternoon.
Some 25,000 members of the
Communist-led General Federation
of Labor (CGT) are still idle. A
suggestion by the independents to
hold a general strike vote of all
transportation workers was turned
down yesterday afternoon by CGT
leaders.
These leaders, who first denounc
ed the strike as wildcat and then
championed it, are now apparently
determined to make Socialist Pre
mier Paul Ramadier look like a
strike-breaker before this Sunday’s
nation-wide municipal elections.
Hint General Strike
'nie Communist press plugged
this theme all day in frontpage
articles larded with hints of a gen
eral strike on Monday if the elec
tions go against them. By discre
diting the Socialist government’s
efforts to provide emergency trans
portation for Parisians, the Com
munists are clearly seeking to
tighten their hold on the nation’s
underpaid trade union members.
M. Ramadier is still resolved to
negotiate with the strikers only
after they agree to return to their
jobs. As soon as the two indepen
dent unions voted to end their
strike yesterday morning, their
leaders were summoned by Pierre
Moatti, the Premier’s Cabinet chief,
for consultation. They left the
meeting expressing satisfaction with
the government’s initial proposals,
and the talks will go on today.
M. Ramadier scored some other
successes on the labor front during
the nast twenty-four hours.
He forestalled a threatened strike
of gas and electricity workers by
agreeing to their demands for an
immediate 11 per cent wage in
crease approved in July. -
Marine Settlement Due
He persuaded railway workers to
discuss their grievances directly
with the National Railway organ
ization.
He entered into immediate nego
tiations with maritime union offi
cials who called a strike early yes
terday morning which paralyzed
activities in all French ports. Some
kind of settlement is expected mo
mentarily.
Parisian taxi drivers staged a
twenty-four-hour strike yesterday
in protest at the cut in their gaso
line ration, but their action did not
greatly aggravate the city’s trans
portation crisis. Trucks and buses
requisitioned for the emergency
were taking care of most passen
gers.
Wednesday night strikers scat
tered nails along some of their
designated routes, but failed to dis
rupt the operation of what CGT
leaders call strike-breaking meas
ures.
Whether the present walkout of
transportation workers will develop
into a general strike depends large
ly on the decision of the General
Committee of Parisian Trade
Unions which has called a special
meeting next Monday “to examine
the situation caused by the material
plight of the city’s wage-earners.”
In the opinion of most observers,
(Continued on Page 2, Col. 6)
• — •
Eisenhower Deplores
Clubs That Boom Him
WASHINGTON, Oct. 16 (U.P.).
—General Dwight Eisenhower de
plored today the formation of Eisen
hower for President clubs and an
nounced he neither seeks nor de
sires political office.
He made his views known through
the Army’s chief of public infor
mation, General Floyd Parks, who
summoned reporters to a surprise
press conference and said: “General
Eisenhower’s attitude respecting
political gossip is exactly that as
expressed to press representatives
on September 10. He neither seeks
nor desires political office and any
one who purports to represent him
difterently is mistaken. He de
precates the formation of clubs or
other organizations that seek to
place his name before the public in
connection with a political purpose
and urges individuals not to spend
time or money on their support. In
no case has he had prior knowledge
of such purpose nor has his con
sent or approval ever been request
ed. Such consent would have been
emphatically withheld.”
(
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