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Titre : Annual report of the Bureau of American ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian institution
Auteur : Bureau of American ethnology (Washington, D.C.)
Éditeur : Government printing office (Washington)
Date d'édition : 1895-1964
Contributeur : Powell, John Wesley (1834-1902). Directeur de publication
Type : texte,publication en série imprimée
Langue : Anglais
Format : application/pdf
Identifiant : ark:/12148/cb37575968z/date
Identifiant : ISSN 0097269X
Source : Bibliothèque nationale de France
Relation : http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37575968z
Description : Périodicité : Annuel
Description : Etat de collection : n. 1 (1879)-n. 48 (1931)
Provenance : bnf.fr
Date de mise en ligne : 12/01/2009
1929 (N47)-1930. Note : Index.
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-mnTE] HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ACOMA 27
It was decided to send Don Vicente Zaldivar, the brother of Don
Juan, to punish the Acomas. Not only was revenge in order but
other pueblos must not see Acoma remain victorious. So on the
21st of January, 1599, Captain Vicente de Zaldivar arrived at Acoma
with 70 men, including Villagrâ. It is said that Zutucapan was very
defiant. Other leaders, especially one Chumpo, urged the removal
of women and children from the mesa before any fighting began.
Zutucapan and his followers were very confident, however, and
everyone remained in the pueblo.
The fight began. Zaldivar sent most of his men to engage the
Indians at the trail, while 12 men stealthily ascended the south mesa,
unnoticed by the Indians, and gained the summit. The fight lasted
two or three days. According to Villagrâ the siege must have resem-
bled the siege of Troy; great struggles of great heroes rocked the
mesa. As a matter of fact, the Spaniards lost only one man. When
they finally gained the village they killed many Indians and burned
their houses. Chumpo, he who had counseled caution, was allowed
to settle on the plain below with his followers.~
It is said that the Acomas saw Santiago hovering over the Span-
iards on a white horse during the fight. The Spaniards were as
ready to believe this as were the Indians.13
The Acoma people were soon back on the top of their mesa. And
they were far from friendly. Father Zârate Salmeron is said to have
"pacined" the Acomas about 1620. In his Relaci6n he states that
one Capt. Gerônimo Marquez had told him that he had once seen
on the walls of an estufa at Acoma some pictures of Aztecs. The
Acomas said that these people had come from the west some years
previous; and since they had never seen any people like them, they
had painted their likeness on the walls of their estufa. 'When they
left, the Aztecs went toward the Rio Grande pueblos. Father Zârate
made inquiry at some of the Rio Grande pueblos; and although he
was frequently told about these strangers, he never succeeded in
absolutely identifying them as people from Mexico.~
In 1629 (approximately) Father Juan Ramirez went to Acoma.
He chose this pueblo because he had heard that they were the most
rebellious of all the tribes. Upon (or shortly after) his arrivai he
restored a child, who had just expired, with holy water and appro-
It is said that 600 accompanied Chumpo. Thé total population was estimated at 6,000, which is at
least four times too large, I believe.
In a letter to the viceroy, thé Count of Monterey, dated Mar. 2, 1599, Onate wrote as Miows:
because my maese de campo was not as cautious as he should have been, they killed him with 12
companions in a great pueblo and fortress called Acoma, which must contain about 3,000 Indians. As
punishment for its crime and its treason against its majesty to whom it bas already rendered submission
by a public instrument (t), and as a warning to the rest (of the pueblos), 1 razed it and burned it com-
pletely." This is without doubt a great exaggeration, 1 believe. (See Bolton, Spanish Exploration in
the Southwest, p. 218.)
li See his Re]aciën, translated in Land of Sunshine, vol. xn.
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