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Title : Annual report of the Bureau of American ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian institution
Author : Bureau of American ethnology (Washington, D.C.)
Publisher : Government printing office (Washington)
Date of publication : 1895-1964
Contributor : Powell, John Wesley (1834-1902). Directeur de publication
Type : texte,publication en série imprimée
Language : English
Format : application/pdf
Copyright : domaine public
Identifier : ark:/12148/cb37575968z/date
Identifier : ISSN 0097269X
Source : Bibliothèque nationale de France
Relation : http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37575968z
Description : Périodicité : Annuel
Description : Etat de collection : n. 1 (1879)-n. 48 (1931)
Provenance : bnf.fr
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The text below has been produced using a process called optical character recognition (O.C.R.). Since it is an automatic process, it is subject to errors you might find in this page.
The recognition rate for this document is 88.95 %.
6 ON THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE.
HI – THE PROCESS BT INTONATION.
In English, new words are not formed by this method, yet words are
intoned for certain purposes, chiefly rhetorical. We use the rising in-
tonation (or inflection, as it is usually called) to indicate that a question
is asked, and various effects are given to speech by the varions intona-
tions of rhetoric. But this process is used in other languages to form
new words with which to express new ideas. In Chinese eight distinct
intonations are found, by the use of which one word may be made to
express eight different ideas, or perhaps it is better to say that eight
words may be made of one.
XV.– THE PROCESS BY PLACEMENT.
The place or position of a word may affect its significant use. Thus
in English we say JoTm strudlc James. By the position of those words
to each other we know that John is-the actor, and that James receives
the action.
By the grammatic processes language is organized. Organization
postulâtes the difîerentiation of organs and their combination into in-
tegers. The integers of language are sentences, and their organs are
the parts of speech. Linguistic organization, then, consists in the dif-
ferentiation of the parts of speech and the integration of the sentence.
For example, let us take the words John, father, and love. JoTm is the
name of an individual; love is the name of a mental action, &n& father
the name of a person. We put them together, John loves father, and
they express a thought John becomes a noun, and is the subject of the
sentence; love becomes a verb, and is the predicant f ailier a noun, and
is the object; and we now have an organized sentence. A sentence re-
quires parts of speech, and parts of speech are such because they are
used as the organic elements of a sentence.
The criteria of rank in languages are, first, grade of organization, i. e.,
the degree to which the grammatic processes and methods are special-
ized, and the parts of speech differentiated; second, sematologic con-
tent, that is, the body of thought which the language is compétent to
convey.
The grammatic processes may be used for three purposes:
First, for derivation, where a new word to express a new idea is made
by combining two or more old words, or-by changing the vowel of one
word, or by changing the intonation of one word.
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